All Article Properties:
{
"access_control": false,
"status": "publish",
"objectType": "Article",
"id": "104424",
"signature": "Article:104424",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-09-24-gentrification-is-a-modern-word-for-the-group-areas-act/",
"shorturl": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/article/104424",
"slug": "gentrification-is-a-modern-word-for-the-group-areas-act",
"contentType": {
"id": "1",
"name": "Article",
"slug": "article"
},
"views": 0,
"comments": 0,
"preview_limit": null,
"excludedFromGoogleSearchEngine": 0,
"title": "‘Gentrification is a modern word for the Group Areas Act’",
"firstPublished": "2018-09-24 18:22:31",
"lastUpdate": "2018-09-24 18:29:07",
"categories": [
{
"id": "29",
"name": "South Africa",
"signature": "Category:29",
"slug": "south-africa",
"typeId": {
"typeId": "1",
"name": "Daily Maverick",
"slug": "",
"includeInIssue": "0",
"shortened_domain": "",
"stylesheetClass": "",
"domain": "staging.dailymaverick.co.za",
"articleUrlPrefix": "",
"access_groups": "[]",
"locale": "",
"preview_limit": null
},
"parentId": null,
"parent": [],
"image": "",
"cover": "",
"logo": "",
"paid": "0",
"objectType": "Category",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/category/south-africa/",
"cssCode": "",
"template": "default",
"tagline": "",
"link_param": null,
"description": "Daily Maverick is an independent online news publication and weekly print newspaper in South Africa.\r\n\r\nIt is known for breaking some of the defining stories of South Africa in the past decade, including the Marikana Massacre, in which the South African Police Service killed 34 miners in August 2012.\r\n\r\nIt also investigated the Gupta Leaks, which won the 2019 Global Shining Light Award.\r\n\r\nThat investigation was credited with exposing the Indian-born Gupta family and former President Jacob Zuma for their role in the systemic political corruption referred to as state capture.\r\n\r\nIn 2018, co-founder and editor-in-chief Branislav ‘Branko’ Brkic was awarded the country’s prestigious Nat Nakasa Award, recognised for initiating the investigative collaboration after receiving the hard drive that included the email tranche.\r\n\r\nIn 2021, co-founder and CEO Styli Charalambous also received the award.\r\n\r\nDaily Maverick covers the latest political and news developments in South Africa with breaking news updates, analysis, opinions and more.",
"metaDescription": "",
"order": "0",
"pageId": null,
"articlesCount": null,
"allowComments": "1",
"accessType": "freecount",
"status": "1",
"children": [],
"cached": true
}
],
"content_length": 3681,
"contents": "<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Housing rights activists from Reclaim the City organised a “memory walk” through Woodstock, from the infamous Gympie Street to the Salt River community hall, stopping at various points to listen to those who had been evicted from properties.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-104411\" src=\"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_029.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5136\" height=\"3088\" /> Karen Hendricks and Toedieda Adams participate in the Reclaim the City memory walk, 24 September 2018. Photo: Leila Dougan</p>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"_GoBack\"></a><span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Toedieda Adams is 70 years old and lived in Gympie Street for almost four decades before being evicted. Even though many believe it was a dangerous place, she said it was a good place to live and raise a family.</span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Families and friends live there, it was very nice to stay there. When they evicted us our flat was demolished and our stuff was thrown out,” said Adams.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">As a child, Adams lived in Primrose Street in District Six. She and her family were forcibly removed under the Group Areas Act of 1950, and she said the trauma of the forced removal and the Woodstock eviction still affects her. She managed to find another rental in Woodstock but struggles to pay the bills. She needs to cough up R10,000 monthly and her water and electricity is often shut off. </span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Maxine White said that rent in Woodstock has become unaffordable.</span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">It’s very sad, it’s a loss for us. We are going homeless because we can’t afford the rent,” said White.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Noenyah Adams is afraid that she will soon be evicted from her home in Woodstock. She says it is merely a matter of time before an eviction order is slipped under her door.</span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">We can’t afford to live here any more,” said Adams. </span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">I’m staying in Woodstock in a rented property; it costs me R5,500 but I don’t even earn R5,500 per month. Which means soon I will also be one of these people.”</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Adams is the only breadwinner in the family. She earns R4,000 and her father and mother contribute to the rent from their pension. </span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">We’re going to end up evicted soon because we can’t keep up with the rent money,” she said.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-104409\" src=\"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_017.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5434\" height=\"3318\" /> A family on Albert Road in Woodstock observe the memory walk from their window, on Heritage Day, 24 September 2018. Photo: Leila Dougan</p>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Leslie Stoffberg walked through Woodstock carrying his four-year-old daughter, Amber, on his shoulders. Stoffberg was born in Woodstock in 1962 but when the house he and his family lived in was sold, they were evicted.</span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">In Woodstock, you’re close to everything. Growing up there was crime but you could decide to stay away from that. Even back then we had gangsterism, but they would never interfere with us, it’s not like all of these shootings and killings that happen out there today,” he said. </span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Karen Hendricks is facing eviction from a house in Cavendish Street in Woodstock.</span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">I grew up in this area, I spent a large part of my childhood here,” she said. </span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Hendricks said residents who have faced eviction must “fight for existence” and that on Heritage Day, those marching had nothing to celebrate.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-104415\" src=\"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_048.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4544\" height=\"2896\" /> Amina Green sheds a tear during a memory walk in Woodstock on Heritage Day, 24 September 2018. Photo: Leila Dougan</p>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Gentrification is displacing our people. People are being pushed to live in relocation camps, but that is not our heritage. Woodstock is our heritage and we have every right to be here today. Why is it that to the [City of Cape Town] and government we don’t exist?” said Hendricks.</span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Private developers have been gentrifying our homes. Gentrification is only a modern word for the Group Areas Act, and we are going to stop that now. Where people live should matter, it should matter to the City,” said Hendricks. <u><b>DM</b></u></span></span>\r\n\r\nSee a special feature here: <a href=\"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-09-17-gentrification-victims-the-dreyer-familys-struggle-to-keep-a-roof-over-their-head-under-a-city-bridge/\">Gentrification victims: The Dreyer family's struggle to keep a roof over their head - under a city bridge</a>",
"teaser": "‘Gentrification is a modern word for the Group Areas Act’",
"externalUrl": "",
"sponsor": null,
"authors": [
{
"id": "1696",
"name": "Leila Dougan",
"image": "http://local.dailymaverick.co.za/wp-content/uploads/leila-dougan.jpg",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/author/leila-dougan/",
"editorialName": "leila-dougan",
"department": "",
"name_latin": ""
}
],
"description": "",
"keywords": [
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "2083",
"name": "South Africa",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/south-africa/",
"slug": "south-africa",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "South Africa",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "3746",
"name": "Cape Town",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/cape-town/",
"slug": "cape-town",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "Cape Town",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "3985",
"name": "Apartheid",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/apartheid/",
"slug": "apartheid",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "Apartheid",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "4424",
"name": "Eviction",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/eviction/",
"slug": "eviction",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "Eviction",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "5755",
"name": "Woodstock",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/woodstock/",
"slug": "woodstock",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "Woodstock",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "6045",
"name": "States and territories of Australia",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/states-and-territories-of-australia/",
"slug": "states-and-territories-of-australia",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "States and territories of Australia",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "6895",
"name": "Counterculture of the 1960s",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/counterculture-of-the-1960s/",
"slug": "counterculture-of-the-1960s",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "Counterculture of the 1960s",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "7464",
"name": "Gentrification",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/gentrification/",
"slug": "gentrification",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "Gentrification",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "10545",
"name": "Queensland Heritage Register",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/queensland-heritage-register/",
"slug": "queensland-heritage-register",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "Queensland Heritage Register",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "10896",
"name": "Mortgage",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/mortgage/",
"slug": "mortgage",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "Mortgage",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "11922",
"name": "Woodstock, Ontario",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/woodstock-ontario/",
"slug": "woodstock-ontario",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "Woodstock, Ontario",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "13481",
"name": "Heritage Day",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/heritage-day/",
"slug": "heritage-day",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "Heritage Day",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "19029",
"name": "Queensland",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/queensland/",
"slug": "queensland",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "Queensland",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "22577",
"name": "Salt River",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/salt-river/",
"slug": "salt-river",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "Salt River",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "40712",
"name": "Group Areas Act",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/group-areas-act/",
"slug": "group-areas-act",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "Group Areas Act",
"translations": null
}
},
{
"type": "Keyword",
"data": {
"keywordId": "65560",
"name": "Rent",
"url": "https://staging.dailymaverick.co.za/keyword/rent/",
"slug": "rent",
"description": "",
"articlesCount": 0,
"replacedWith": null,
"display_name": "Rent",
"translations": null
}
}
],
"short_summary": null,
"source": null,
"related": [],
"options": [],
"attachments": [
{
"id": "107961",
"name": "Amina Green sheds a tear during a memory walk in Woodstock on Heritage Day, 24 September 2018. Members of housing rights NGO Reclaim the City walked through the streets of Woodstock. Many of those who joined in are former residents who were evicted from the community due to rising property prices. Photo: Leila Dougan",
"description": "<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Housing rights activists from Reclaim the City organised a “memory walk” through Woodstock, from the infamous Gympie Street to the Salt River community hall, stopping at various points to listen to those who had been evicted from properties.</span></span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_104411\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"5136\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-104411\" src=\"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_029.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5136\" height=\"3088\" /> Karen Hendricks and Toedieda Adams participate in the Reclaim the City memory walk, 24 September 2018. Photo: Leila Dougan[/caption]\r\n\r\n<a name=\"_GoBack\"></a><span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Toedieda Adams is 70 years old and lived in Gympie Street for almost four decades before being evicted. Even though many believe it was a dangerous place, she said it was a good place to live and raise a family.</span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Families and friends live there, it was very nice to stay there. When they evicted us our flat was demolished and our stuff was thrown out,” said Adams.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">As a child, Adams lived in Primrose Street in District Six. She and her family were forcibly removed under the Group Areas Act of 1950, and she said the trauma of the forced removal and the Woodstock eviction still affects her. She managed to find another rental in Woodstock but struggles to pay the bills. She needs to cough up R10,000 monthly and her water and electricity is often shut off. </span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Maxine White said that rent in Woodstock has become unaffordable.</span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">It’s very sad, it’s a loss for us. We are going homeless because we can’t afford the rent,” said White.</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Noenyah Adams is afraid that she will soon be evicted from her home in Woodstock. She says it is merely a matter of time before an eviction order is slipped under her door.</span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">We can’t afford to live here any more,” said Adams. </span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">I’m staying in Woodstock in a rented property; it costs me R5,500 but I don’t even earn R5,500 per month. Which means soon I will also be one of these people.”</span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Adams is the only breadwinner in the family. She earns R4,000 and her father and mother contribute to the rent from their pension. </span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">We’re going to end up evicted soon because we can’t keep up with the rent money,” she said.</span></span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_104409\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"5434\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-104409\" src=\"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_017.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5434\" height=\"3318\" /> A family on Albert Road in Woodstock observe the memory walk from their window, on Heritage Day, 24 September 2018. Photo: Leila Dougan[/caption]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Leslie Stoffberg walked through Woodstock carrying his four-year-old daughter, Amber, on his shoulders. Stoffberg was born in Woodstock in 1962 but when the house he and his family lived in was sold, they were evicted.</span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">In Woodstock, you’re close to everything. Growing up there was crime but you could decide to stay away from that. Even back then we had gangsterism, but they would never interfere with us, it’s not like all of these shootings and killings that happen out there today,” he said. </span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Karen Hendricks is facing eviction from a house in Cavendish Street in Woodstock.</span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">I grew up in this area, I spent a large part of my childhood here,” she said. </span></span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Hendricks said residents who have faced eviction must “fight for existence” and that on Heritage Day, those marching had nothing to celebrate.</span></span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_104415\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"4544\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-104415\" src=\"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_048.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4544\" height=\"2896\" /> Amina Green sheds a tear during a memory walk in Woodstock on Heritage Day, 24 September 2018. Photo: Leila Dougan[/caption]\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Gentrification is displacing our people. People are being pushed to live in relocation camps, but that is not our heritage. Woodstock is our heritage and we have every right to be here today. Why is it that to the [City of Cape Town] and government we don’t exist?” said Hendricks.</span></span>\r\n\r\n“<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Private developers have been gentrifying our homes. Gentrification is only a modern word for the Group Areas Act, and we are going to stop that now. Where people live should matter, it should matter to the City,” said Hendricks. <u><b>DM</b></u></span></span>\r\n\r\nSee a special feature here: <a href=\"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-09-17-gentrification-victims-the-dreyer-familys-struggle-to-keep-a-roof-over-their-head-under-a-city-bridge/\">Gentrification victims: The Dreyer family's struggle to keep a roof over their head - under a city bridge</a>",
"focal": "50% 50%",
"width": 0,
"height": 0,
"url": "https://dmcdn.whitebeard.net/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_004.jpg",
"transforms": [
{
"x": "200",
"y": "100",
"url": "https://dmcdn.whitebeard.net/i/DPNGbkS7otr7ojaHb3Ozfxu9gbw=/200x100/smart/filters:strip_exif()/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_004.jpg"
},
{
"x": "450",
"y": "0",
"url": "https://dmcdn.whitebeard.net/i/-afv88SHsu6M04x5tKFF4Xj1R_I=/450x0/smart/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_004.jpg"
},
{
"x": "800",
"y": "0",
"url": "https://dmcdn.whitebeard.net/i/Qs7rteMv41jLDL7sXjtZEH6kyl8=/800x0/smart/filters:strip_exif()/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_004.jpg"
},
{
"x": "1200",
"y": "0",
"url": "https://dmcdn.whitebeard.net/i/VUsaWSJ6zU5fnFVnzcq0d4d6n3A=/1200x0/smart/filters:strip_exif()/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_004.jpg"
},
{
"x": "1600",
"y": "0",
"url": "https://dmcdn.whitebeard.net/i/TdP6peLnAHf9JlePSrKy686tYig=/1600x0/smart/filters:strip_exif()/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_004.jpg"
}
],
"url_thumbnail": "https://dmcdn.whitebeard.net/i/DPNGbkS7otr7ojaHb3Ozfxu9gbw=/200x100/smart/filters:strip_exif()/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_004.jpg",
"url_medium": "https://dmcdn.whitebeard.net/i/-afv88SHsu6M04x5tKFF4Xj1R_I=/450x0/smart/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_004.jpg",
"url_large": "https://dmcdn.whitebeard.net/i/Qs7rteMv41jLDL7sXjtZEH6kyl8=/800x0/smart/filters:strip_exif()/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_004.jpg",
"url_xl": "https://dmcdn.whitebeard.net/i/VUsaWSJ6zU5fnFVnzcq0d4d6n3A=/1200x0/smart/filters:strip_exif()/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_004.jpg",
"url_xxl": "https://dmcdn.whitebeard.net/i/TdP6peLnAHf9JlePSrKy686tYig=/1600x0/smart/filters:strip_exif()/file/dailymaverick/wp-content/uploads/Heritage-Day_004.jpg",
"type": "image"
}
],
"summary": "On Heritage Day, a few dozen people took part in a “memory walk” through the streets of Woodstock. Many of them had lived in the community before being evicted, or are now facing being forced out due to gentrification.",
"template_type": null,
"dm_custom_section_label": null,
"elements": [],
"seo": {
"search_title": "‘Gentrification is a modern word for the Group Areas Act’",
"search_description": "<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Housing rights activists from Reclaim the City organised a “memory walk” through Woodstock, from the infamous Gympie Street t",
"social_title": "‘Gentrification is a modern word for the Group Areas Act’",
"social_description": "<span style=\"font-family: Georgia, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Housing rights activists from Reclaim the City organised a “memory walk” through Woodstock, from the infamous Gympie Street t",
"social_image": ""
},
"cached": true,
"access_allowed": true
}