The most important impact over time will come from compulsory preservation. At an individual level, people should end up with substantially higher retirement benefits, all else being equal.
The most far-reaching change in the South African retirement landscape in many years takes effect next week. After many years of negotiations between the National Treasury, the savings industry, unions and other stakeholders, the two-pot system will finally be implemented on 1 September 2024.
Read more: Two-pot retirement reform in a nutshell
The compulsory preservation component (the retirement pot) will end the widespread practice of people cashing in their retirement savings whenever they change jobs. In fact, many people change jobs just to access their retirement funds. This “leakage” not only leaves individuals without sufficient retirement capital when they reach old age, but also means the overall pool of South African retirement assets is smaller than it should be.
Just because you can, doesn’t mean you should
It cannot be stressed enough that early withdrawals from retirement funds should be avoided unless absolutely necessary. The biggest friend any investor has is time, since time facilitates compound growth. Early withdrawals from a retirement fund robs that money of the time to grow. Even at a relatively modest growth rate of 4% per year, R30,000 will more than double to R65,733 over 20 years. At a 6% annual growth rate, it will more than triple to R96,214, and at 10%, will grow to R201,825.
Therefore, taking R30,000 out of your retirement savings today does not mean that your future self will be R30,000 poorer. It means in future you will be poorer by R65,000 or R96,000 or R200,000 two decades from now. It gets worse, since early withdrawals will be taxed at your marginal rate, whereas growth inside a retirement fund is tax free.
Nonetheless, estimates from the government and various financial institutions suggest that somewhere between R50-billion and R100-billion will be withdrawn in the first month or two after the two-pot system takes effect. This will largely be a one-off event, as future withdrawals will be based on one-third of new contributions from September onwards and will therefore be spread out over time.
Implications
This has three immediate impacts. Firstly, since these withdrawals will be taxed, the government's coffers will swell. In the February Budget, an additional R5-billion in tax revenue was pencilled in due to two-pot withdrawals.
Secondly, consumers will have more money to spend. A portion of withdrawals will probably go towards settling debt, but the remainder will be spent since it is unlikely that people will withdraw savings only to save them again. Combined with lower inflation and coming rate cuts, the medium-term outlook for consumer spending has therefore improved.
Data released last week showed that consumer inflation declined to 4.6% year-on-year in July from 5.1% in June. This is close to the midpoint of the Reserve Bank’s 3% to 6% target range and seals the deal for rate cuts starting at the September Monetary Policy Committee meeting.
Thirdly, there will be some selling of investments to realise the cash payouts. Could it have a disruptive impact on local financial markets? Probably not. The withdrawals will most likely be staggered over a few weeks or even months since not all pension fund administrators will be able to handle the expected volume of requests at the same pace. A South African Revenue Service directive also needs to be issued in each instance, which might delay payouts somewhat. Moreover, pension funds already hold cash that will act as a first buffer as the withdrawal requests come in.
According to the Alexforbes Large Manager Watch, cash holdings in the country’s largest balanced funds – a proxy for the broader pension industry – sat at 2.7% at the end of June. This is a relatively low percentage by historic standards, but if applied to the R4-trillion-plus pension industry, should be enough to cover expected withdrawals. Most importantly, however, is simply the fact that the JSE is a large and liquid equity market with an average daily equity turnover of about R20-billion. The average daily turnover on the local bond market is several times larger. As for global markets, these will not even notice if there is large selling by South Africans.
At any rate, market participants do not seem spooked by the prospect of two-pot withdrawals, as the FTSE/JSE All Share Index hit a new record close above 84,000 during the week. Investors are increasingly optimistic that a US soft landing will materialise, and that the Federal Reserve will cut interest rates next month, with the SA Reserve Bank not far behind. There is also growing optimism that South Africa is entering a phase of faster economic growth (from a very low base) and less political noise (also from a low base).
Preservation nation
The more important impact over time will come from compulsory preservation. At an individual level, people should end up with substantially higher retirement benefits, all else being equal. Modelling by Old Mutual actuaries suggests that the average retirement benefit of pension fund members could rise from the current two to three times of final salary, to up to nine times of final salary, even with the full savings pot being accessed.
Compulsory preservation is a feature of pension systems in many countries, as is auto-enrolment or mandatory contributions. The South African government has proposed the introduction of auto-enrolment so that all formally employed individuals have some form of retirement savings, but it does not form part of the two-pot system and no timelines have been presented.
At a macro level, compulsory preservation (and auto-enrolment, if it is ever implemented) could contribute to raising South Africa’s low savings rate. It is ironic that South Africa has an extremely sophisticated financial system, including retirement funds, asset managers and life insurers, yet the country does not save enough. Partly, it is a victim of its own success: the sophisticated financial system also facilitates borrowing, which is basically negative saving.
There is a strong link between savings and fixed investment. A low savings rate implies a low investment rate unless foreign savings can be imported by running a current account deficit. This is fine under normal conditions but has the major drawback that these foreign flows can be reversed, especially if they are largely portfolio investments. This is the case in South Africa, where most foreign capital inflows head for the JSE to buy bonds or equities – “hot money” that can leave at the click of a button – instead of being invested in long-term businesses as “foreign direct investment”.
Worrying decline
There is a worrying decline in savings over time, partly because of increased borrowing and taxation levels, and partly because of rising unemployment. Investment rates have been depressingly low as a share of GDP over the past 30 years, apart from the period roughly between 2005 and 2015. However, as the chart shows, domestic savings were insufficient to fund this investment boom, and the country ran a large current account deficit during that time which gained it membership of the unfortunate “Fragile Five” club.
Domestic savings is a more stable source of funding for fixed investment, and fixed investment is crucial for sustainable economic growth. If there is one thing that economists agree on, it is that countries that enjoy long periods of rapid economic growth are countries with high investment rates. At 15% of GDP, South African investment levels are around half of where they should ideally be. The blame does not primarily lie with a lack of domestic savings, but rather with political and policy uncertainty, institutional bottlenecks and depressed business confidence. But if investment spending was to pick up as some of these challenges are addressed, a shortfall of domestic savings means the current account will start widening again, exposing the country to sudden swings in capital flows. A growing retirement system can ease this constraint over time.
Government dissaving
However, it will have to coincide with government borrowing declining relative to GDP. Government borrowing – dissaving – currently consumes a large portion of the domestic savings pool. This “crowds out” private borrowers and raises interest rates, particularly because the market has a dim view of the government's creditworthiness. Despite the recent decline in government bond yields, they remain elevated. Moreover, the large increase in government debt levels over the past 15 years has not been associated with productive spending, such as large-scale infrastructure upgrades that could facilitate future economic activity.
Though the two-pot reforms took several years to come to fruition, the timing is right. South Africa has a young population that will be moving into its peak earning and contribution years over the next decade or two. Meanwhile, the share of older people who will draw down from the retirement system is small. More money in, less money out means a growing pool of savings.
The big challenge in South Africa is high unemployment, particularly youth unemployment. People cannot save for retirement if they don’t work. Nonetheless, South Africa has a better demographic profile than many richer countries in the northern hemisphere, with smaller cohorts of younger workers who must support an ever-growing number of retirees. No wonder that questions are being asked about the sustainability of these systems and the political implications of reforming them (such as raising retirement ages).
In summary, most of the attention on the new two-pot system has been around the early access to savings for emergencies. But it is the introduction of mandatory preservation that is the game changer. However, its success will ultimately depend on it being combined with other reforms, including fiscal consolidation, private sector participation in infrastructure, and deregulation, to raise economic growth and employment levels. It can then become a self-reinforcing positive spiral with a powerful impact on the domestic economy and local markets in the years ahead. DM