The challenges of journalism in exile in Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela

Below are the headlines of some of the main journalistic investigations that we have published in recent weeks in Confidencial.digital, the independent media outlet that I founded 28 years ago in Nicaragua, and that I now run in exile from Costa Rica:

• A Russian spy centre operates at an army military base in Managua;


• Daniel Ortega’s bodyguard chief removed from office;


• MEFCCA minister fell for corruption in multimillion-dollar programmes;


• Anxiety and silence among public workers after announcement of state ‘restructuring’;


• Rosario Murillo orders the fall of the head of the army’s ‘Political Intelligence’

Our editorial office was raided twice by the police — without a court order — after a wave of social protests, followed by violent repression against human rights, broke out in 2018.

In 2021, the media outlet was illegally confiscated by the Daniel Ortega dictatorship.

All of our journalists were forced into exile to continue to do their journalism freely, and our independent sources of information are persecuted and threatened.

However, the news that we continue to publish about public corruption, the internal conflicts within the regime, the purges of high-ranking officials, the mass exodus of almost 10% of the population, and the use of Nicaragua as a springboard for the illegal export of migrants to the US, are stories that do not appear in the official press.

Our audiences, inside and outside Nicaragua, whether they are supporters or opponents of the regime, have an alternative source of information free from censorship, which also offers quality journalism to international audiences.

Behind each of these investigations is the talent of young journalists, who do not submit to censorship and self-censorship, and above all, the trust that sources, including public servants — civilians and military — maintain in the press in exile.

History is repeating itself in Cuba and Venezuela. Independent journalism from exile is a mirror of the dark clouds that threaten the press in Latin America, and it is also an example of the resilience of good journalism. Where the rule of law has collapsed, and where civil society is also under siege or on the verge of extinction, the only defence of the independent press lies in its credibility.

In these three countries, dictatorships have criminalised freedom of the press and freedom of expression, to the point that journalists cannot identify themselves as such and must omit signatures from their articles to avoid being arrested.

In Nicaragua, journalist Víctor Ticay spent 17 months in prison, convicted of the alleged crime of “conspiracy” for having transmitted images of a religious procession on his Facebook account.

In Cuba and Venezuela, there are dozens of journalists in prison, accused of “terrorism” or “inciting hatred” for reporting on social protests or electoral fraud, and for expressing opinions on their social networks.

Meanwhile, the state exercises different forms of direct and indirect censorship, including blocking the internet to prevent access to independent media. Despite these extreme restrictions, the independent press survives through an ecosystem supported by journalism in exile.

The Inter-American Press Association (SIP) this year awarded the Great Prize for Press Freedom 2024, its highest distinction, to Journalism in Exile “in honour of colleagues and Latin American media that are increasingly forced to move or emigrate due to the violence, threats and persecution by criminal groups, corrupt officials and authoritarian governments”.

SIP has documented a growing increase in the number of exiled journalists, “mainly from countries such as Nicaragua, Venezuela, Guatemala, Cuba and Ecuador, and internally displaced people in Mexico and Colombia. The phenomenon also includes the editorial staff of Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela, some of which have their operations abroad because they are victims of systematic persecution”.

The challenges to continue doing journalism in exile are monumental. The most urgent is to provide security to journalists and collaborators, who are at risk, and to the news sources to communicate through secure channels. The most complex is to achieve the financial sustainability of the newsrooms in exile.

My colleague Luz Mely Reyes, the editor-in-chief of Efecto Cocuyo in Venezuela, advocates for identifying “host countries that provide special protection” to exiled journalists so they can continue doing their work, while Carlos Manuel Álvarez, the director of El Estornudo in Cuba, proposes the creation of new “support networks” and forms of international financing for the press in exile, which “is no longer something transitory”.

Indeed, under the police state of authoritarian regimes, the press in exile is now a permanent condition. The onslaught of dictatorships against the press also poses a challenge to the international community: it is imperative to preserve the last reserve of all freedoms. DM

Carlos F Chamorro is the director of Confidencial, a weekly publication that combines investigative journalism and current affairs analysis in Nicaragua. 

This article was produced to mark World News Day on 28 September, a campaign to draw attention to the need to preserve and promote independent journalism.