US funding freeze puts vital tuberculosis research at risk as global health crisis looms

4 Mar 2025

Just over a month after US President Donald Trump implemented a 90-day freeze of all foreign assistance, the future looks very uncertain for tuberculosis research. Among others, a large TB research programme that was worth up to $200-million was axed last week.

While it is one of the oldest diseases around, tuberculosis (TB) still kills more people on the planet than any other disease caused by a single infectious agent. The disease is common in developing and middle-income countries such as South Africa, India, and Indonesia, but it also occurs in wealthy countries. A recent outbreak in Kansas in the United States (US) has been described as “one of the largest” TB outbreaks in US history.

Many in TB circles were excited when, in August 2022, it was announced that the US government was backing a massive, five-year global research programme called Smart4TB. Worth up to $200-million (roughly R3.7-billion at the current exchange rate), the money would fund a series of clinical trials of new TB treatments and tests — while also helping to build research capacity in developing countries. The money was to come from USAid.

But in January this year, recipients of US aid around the world were left reeling when stop-work orders were issued and funding frozen following Trump’s executive order halting US foreign funding for 90-days pending a review for “programmatic efficiencies and consistency with United States foreign policy”.

This placed immediate strain on organisations dependent on funding from the US — either through the President’s Emergency Plan for Aids Relief (Pepfar), National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and USAid. Many potential lifesaving services, like this clinic in Pretoria, had to abruptly close, leaving patients without a way of accessing HIV treatment and other essential health services. Pepfar funds are typically distributed via the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or USAid.

In the weeks since, some funding had been temporarily restored through waivers and court orders. However, the reprieve came to an abrupt halt on 27 February 2025, when South African organisations reliant on Pepfar funding through USAid had their grants permanently terminated. The terminations were not limited to South Africa.

Termination letters

One of the many projects that received termination letters is the Smart4TB programme. The project, coordinated by Johns Hopkins Medicine, was set to support several important TB studies, some of which were to be conducted in South Africa.

The Global Fund’s TB update for April/May 2024 showed that Smart4TB was working with local partners and communities on several key TB trials. These included the Adapt and Adapt for Kids studies, which test new TB tests in adults and children, including the use of tongue swabs. For TB treatment, Smart4TB was running the Smile and Prism trials to test shorter TB regimens — one for children and the other for adults. They were also running the Breach trial to test a shorter TB prevention treatment for adults.

Smart4TB also aimed to improve TB vaccine preparedness, find ways to interrupt TB transmission and conduct operational research to improve TB programmes, as outlined in this presentation given to South Africa’s TB Think Tank.

Initially, all Smart4TB’s projects in South Africa, and elsewhere, had been paused but they confirmed last Friday that the Smart4TB agreement had been terminated by USAid. Whether or not an earlier waiver for one of their trials would still be in effect wasn’t yet clear.

“The Trump administration terminated Smart4TB late Wednesday night. It is devastating to all involved. We are working to determine next steps,” Professor Richard Chaisson, who was the Chief of Party for Smart4TB at Johns Hopkins, told Spotlight.

The impact

Erica Lessem, the now former director of Community Engagement and Policy for Smart4TB, told Spotlight that their work had been an “unprecedented opportunity.” She said that this was not only due to the size of the award, but also because of the extensive TB expertise the project brought together.

She described the way Smart4TB was going to conduct research as “groundbreaking”. From the onset, it was going to include communities while also being set to focus on populations that were normally excluded, like children, and pregnant and lactating people.

“Smart4TB was intended to work on so many important issues in TB that affect not just people in high burden countries, but Americans as well. And it’s really such a shame to lose the ability to advance that work,” Lessem said.

While the project has accomplished a lot of important things during the past two-and-a-half years that will be useful beyond its closure, Lessem said that stopping the project so abruptly, after all the hard work as well as the investment of millions of dollars given by American taxpayers, was wasteful.

The impact would be felt across multiple areas, including research projects that were about to start, but won’t be able to now.

“These trials were going to answer some really important, outstanding research questions, and that is not going to happen now,” Lessem said. Some of the research was set to help answer questions like how regimens for TB prevention could be made shorter and safer, if TB treatment for children could be shortened further, and if TB treatment could move beyond a “one-size-fits-all” approach.

Another important project that had to be halted, according to Lessem, was the Better project, a global collaboration of frontline clinicians, civil society and TB policymakers. Together with Smart4TB, the Better project had published a clinical field guide for how to treat people living with TB who had “expanded drug resistance” — meaning they had TB that was resistant to some of the new TB drugs like bedaquiline, clofazimine, delamanid, linezolid, and pretomanid.

The Better project, with funding from Smart4TB, had been working on a more extensive document, recommendations for further research as well as finding pathways to granting access to some of the newer TB drugs currently in development, Lessem said. This was now on hold.

Local projects derailed

One of the five regional Smart4TB hubs was located at Wits University’s Perinatal HIV Research Unit in Soweto. Last year, Smart4TB announced the launch of two operational research projects in South Africa, set to improve TB prevention as well as early treatment in TB contacts.

“That work was going to be immediately relevant to how TB is handled in South Africa,” Lessem said. “I hope they’re able to continue in some other capacity.”

One of these projects was set to be run by TB Proof (a non-profit). The project was “ready to go” before the funding cuts, the NGOs director Ingrid Schoeman told Spotlight.

The project would have focused on strengthening the tracing of contacts of people with TB. Schoeman said they were excited about this project as it aimed to strengthen the implementation of contact tracing and treatment for TB through participatory approaches in the Khayelitsha and Eastern Substructure districts in the Western Cape.

The project aimed to “co-develop interventions with health workers, policy makers, TB patients and affected communities and to create demand for quality TB services at local level”. In this way, Schoeman said, the project was set to support the implementation of the Targeted Universal TB Testing policy — an approach where everyone who was considered at a high risk for TB was tested instead of only testing when TB symptoms were present.

Schoeman said that TB testing and contact tracing overall needed to be expanded as it was the main pillar of South Africa’s TB Recovery Plan, and efforts should be made to test people in their own communities outside of working hours.

“It may sound like it’s not a big deal. But South Africa’s TB Prevalence Survey showed that the majority of people with TB had no TB symptoms, so testing close TB contacts regardless of having TB symptoms is a big advancement in closing TB care cascade gaps,” Schoeman said. “But I’ve seen people waiting too long to get tested (for TB), and without getting treated one remains infectious and TB continues to spread in the community.”

She added that another one of TB Proof’s projects, a partnership with the Stop TB Partnership Challenge Facility for Civil Society project, had also been paused. This initiative, which started in 2020, aimed to develop TB stigma interventions for people who had been diagnosed with TB.

Many TB programmes disrupted

The USAid funding cuts and uncertainty had already had a significant impact on TB services and research programmes around the world.

A rapid assessment by the Stop TB partnership, using available data from 12 high-TB burden countries, showed that many TB services and programmes had been disrupted. The gaps this had caused in TB service delivery, diagnosis and treatment adherence could lead to an increase in transmission and mortality.

South Africa was not included in this assessment, but the conclusion of the report was nevertheless sobering.

“The suspension of US government funding has caused widespread disruptions across multiple aspects of TB response in high-burden countries. While some mitigation measures are being explored, the long-term impact on TB control efforts could be severe if funding is not restored promptly,” the report stated.

These disruptions would now be compounded by the termination of USAid grants.

Reducing investment in TB has previously led to poor outcomes. A 1998 British Medical Journal article linked the sharp rise in TB cases in the US starting in the late 1980s to funding cuts in the 1970s, problems within New York’s TB control system, and social factors like inequality and the spread of HIV during the 1980s.

Citing this outbreak as an example of the risks and inefficiency of reducing TB services and research, Dr Jennifer Furin, a TB doctor and lecturer at Harvard Medical School in Boston, warned that cutting TB research funding would be disastrous.

“When they cut TB work (research and services) in the 1990s, an outbreak occurred in New York City that cost more than a billion dollars to get under control. And many people died,” she told Spotlight before Smart4TB’s termination was confirmed. Furin added: “In fact, the US government — if it cares about security, safety, and family — should be investing more in TB.”

Globally, the US government has until now been the largest funder of TB research by some distance. It spent $476-million or over R8.7-billion through the Centers for Disease Control, National Institutes of Health and USAid on TB research in 2023, according to a report by Treatment Action Group. DM

This article was first published by Spotlight — health journalism in the public interest. Sign up to the Spotlight newsletter.

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South Africa

Termination letters

The impact

Local projects derailed

Many TB programmes disrupted